Saturday, October 31, 2020

John 18:28–40

 28 Then they led Jesus from Caiaphas to the Praetorium, and it was early morning. But they themselves did not go into the Praetorium, lest they should be defiled, but that they might eat the Passover. 29 Pilate then went out to them and said, “What accusation do you bring against this Man?” 30 They answered and said to him, “If He were not an evildoer, we would not have delivered Him up to you.” 31 Then Pilate said to them, “You take Him and judge Him according to your law.” Therefore the Jews said to him, “It is not lawful for us to put anyone to death,” 32 that the saying of Jesus might be fulfilled which He spoke, signifying by what death He would die. 33 Then Pilate entered the Praetorium again, called Jesus, and said to Him, “Are You the King of the Jews?” 34 Jesus answered him, “Are you speaking for yourself about this, or did others tell you this concerning Me?” 35 Pilate answered, “Am I a Jew? Your own nation and the chief priests have delivered You to me. What have You done?” 36 Jesus answered, “My kingdom is not of this world. If My kingdom were of this world, My servants would fight, so that I should not be delivered to the Jews; but now My kingdom is not from here.” 37 Pilate therefore said to Him, “Are You a king then?” Jesus answered, “You say rightly that I am a king. For this cause I was born, and for this cause I have come into the world, that I should bear witness to the truth. Everyone who is of the truth hears My voice.” 38 Pilate said to Him, “What is truth?” And when he had said this, he went out again to the Jews, and said to them, “I find no fault in Him at all.” 39 “But you have a custom that I should release someone to you at the Passover. Do you therefore want me to release to you the King of the Jews?” 40 Then they all cried again, saying, “Not this Man, but Barabbas!” Now Barabbas was a robber. 

Vs. 28 Then they led Jesus from Caiaphas to the Praetorium, and it was early morning. But they themselves did not go into the Praetorium, lest they should be defiled, but that they might eat the Passover. 

 From Annas to Caiaphas to now Pilate, the Jews religious authorities having interrogated Jesus and tried Him overnight, now bring Him early in the morning (thus as soon as they could) to the Praetorium the official state grounds and residence of the Roman governor who then ruled over them. For under Roman rule they were required to being anyone whom they wanted a death sentence executed against, to bring them first to the Praetorium where the Roman Governor must first sign off on their verdict, thus Praetorium lit. means “Hall of Judgment.” Therefore, having already condemned Jesus to death at His trial before their Sanhedrin council, they now bring Jesus to the Roman Governor Pilate for His consent and execution of their death sentence. Now when they brought Jesus there, they themselves did not enter the grounds (because they wanted to keep themselves undefiled so that they might eat the upcoming Passover meal). And so rather then entering the state grounds themselves (the Jews who according to their own laws and customs were not permitted to have any direct contact with Gentiles, which would then make them ceremonially defiled if they did), and so rather then entering the grounds the priests and such with them spoke with others there at the gate, who then conveyed their request to Pilate for his consent of their judgment against Jesus. 

Vs. 29 Pilate then went out to them and said, “What accusation do you bring against this Man?” 

 Pilate then comes out to the gate and being early morning cuts to chase and asks them, “What accusation do you bring against this Man?” Which is a valid and direct inquiry, for if they want Pilate to consent to Jesus’ death it seems reasonable that he should ask such a thing. 

Vs. 30 They answered and said to him, “If He were not an evildoer, we would not have delivered Him up to you.” 

 The Jews though in responding have no real accusation to lay against Jesus other than to say that He is an evildoer. And so, without any evidence or any real crime to charge Jesus with, they make about as a generic accusation that one can make. 

Vs. 31-32 31 Then Pilate said to them, “You take Him and judge Him according to your law.” Therefore the Jews said to him, “It is not lawful for us to put anyone to death,” 32 that the saying of Jesus might be fulfilled which He spoke, signifying by what death He would die. 

 When Pilate heard that he immediately tried to recuse himself of their evil plot and said to them, “You take Him and judge Him according to your law.” However, the Jews said to him, “It is not lawful for us to put anyone to death,” That is with their being under Rome’s rule they were forbidden from executing people according to their law which required stoning of the individual to death, while Roman law always executed by Crucifixion. Thus, when the Jews said they could not execute Jesus they inadvertently fulfilled His very Word which foretold that they would have Him Crucified (John 3:14; 8:28; 12:32, 34 also Plasm 22:16). 

Vs. 33 Then Pilate entered the Praetorium again, called Jesus, and said to Him, “Are You the King of the Jews?” 

 Pilate then leaves the Jews at gate and takes Jesus by His guard into Praetorium and there He asks Jesus directly, “Are You the King of the Jews?” 

Vs. 34 Jesus answered him, “Are you speaking for yourself about this, or did others tell you this concerning Me?” 

 In responding, Jesus in a kind of sarcasm now says to Pilate, “Are you speaking for yourself about this, or did others tell you this concerning Me?” 

Vs. 35 Pilate answered, “Am I a Jew? Your own nation and the chief priests have delivered You to me. What have You done?” 

 Pilate though is unamused and retorts back, “Am I a Jew? Your own nation and the chief priests have delivered You to me. What have You done?” 

Vs. 36 Jesus answered, “My kingdom is not of this world. If My kingdom were of this world, My servants would fight, so that I should not be delivered to the Jews; but now My kingdom is not from here.” 

 The Lord Jesus Christ now makes it clear to Pilate that His Kingdom is not of this world, not founded in it, or ruled by it! Thus, Jesus makes it clear to Pilate that His servants do not fight to obtain worldly power as this worlds power brokers and people do. Thus, neither He nor His disciples have done anything against either the Jews or Rome. Indeed, Jesus goes on and makes it clear to Pilate that His servants will not even use force of arms to resist those evil forces that wish to take and kill Him. For as He says to Pilate, My Kingdom is not from here! 

Vs. 37 Pilate therefore said to Him, “Are You a king then?” Jesus answered, “You say rightly that I am a king. For this cause I was born, and for this cause I have come into the world, that I should bear witness to the truth. Everyone who is of the truth hears My voice.” 

 Jesus then having told Pilate that His Kingdom was not of this world, Pilate in an almost condescending way now asks Jesus if He is a King. Now the Lord Jesus does not directly say that He is a King, for that would give grounds for both Pilate and the Jews to condemn Him, instead He confesses that He is a King by saying to Pilate, “You say rightly that I am a king. For this cause I was born, and for this cause I have come into the world, that I should bear witness to the truth. Everyone who is of the truth hears My voice.” Notice that it is because the Lord Jesus Christ is God’s King, (i.e. Messiah) that He was born to fulfill the Word of God as King which entails several things which do not all take place at once. One of which is Jesus Christ was born according to the Word of God so that He might take His place on the throne of David, for Jesus Christ is God’s Messiah and He was born to fulfill that Word about Him that He would be born from the seed of David. However, Jesus Christ was also born to be a King, but not of the Jews only, but to rule and reign over all of God’s creation in heaven and on earth. Therefore, having accomplished His Mission and fulfilled the Word of God Jesus Christ is now seated at the Right hand of God, waiting till all His enemies are made His footstool, upon which He Will establish His everlasting Reign and Rule and that is where we currently are in the prophetic timetable, waiting for His Return which will then usher in the God ordained events that will accomplish this. Now this is because neither the unbelieving Jews, nor the unbelieving Gentiles, would have Him reign over them, either then or now. And so that is also why the Lord Jesus Christ was born a King, (and was acknowledged as God’s King at His birth), for as He says, He came into this world to bear witness to the truth, therefore as Jesus also says everyone who is of the truth (i.e. of God) hears His voice! The only question then is do you hear the Lord Jesus Christ’s Voice calling you to repentance towards God and faith in His Person. If you do then act on it, and repent and believe and receive the Lord Jesus Christ for yourselves! 

Vs. 38 Pilate said to Him, “What is truth?” And when he had said this, he went out again to the Jews, and said to them, “I find no fault in Him at all.” 

 Pilate though even after hearing such powerful and profound Words then fulfills them by simply saying to Jesus, “What is truth?” Having then confessed his own unbelief Pilate goes out and says to the Jews, “I find no fault in Him at all.” Which again is not a profession of faith, it is simply an acknowledgment that Jesus has done, or is doing nothing wrong. 

Vs. 39 “But you have a custom that I should release someone to you at the Passover. Do you therefore want me to release to you the King of the Jews?” 

 Pilate now knowing that he was compelled to release someone to them according to their feasts traditions under Roman rule now offers the Jews to release Jesus, i.e. “the King of the Jews” to them. 

Vs. 40 Then they all cried again, saying, “Not this Man, but Barabbas!” Now Barabbas was a robber. 

 The Jews however did not want Jesus Christ, instead they cried out that Pilate should release to them Barabbas who was a robber, and who we also read in the other Gospels was a murderer. The very traits then that Jesus said the devil himself always exemplifies! Thus, they rejected the Sinless Son of God, who only sought their well-being, and rather choose for themselves a Godless and evil man who was just like themselves.  

Scripture Quotations

New King James (182):Thomas Nelson. 

John 18:24–27

 25 Now Simon Peter stood and warmed himself. Therefore they said to him, “You are not also one of His disciples, are you?” He denied it and said, “I am not!” 26 One of the servants of the high priest, a relative of him whose ear Peter cut off, said, “Did I not see you in the garden with Him?” 27 Peter then denied again; and immediately a rooster crowed. 

Commentary 

Vs. 25 Now Simon Peter stood and warmed himself. Therefore they said to him, “You are not also one of His disciples, are you?” He denied it and said, “I am not!” 

 The scene now returns to the courtyard where Peter has been warming himself by the fire with some of the high priests’ officers and servants. And so it was that they soon realized that Peter was not one of them, that is he was not of the same spirit as they were. And so, they said to him, “You are not also one of His disciples, are you?” Now when Peter was directly confronted by them about his belonging to the Lord Jesus Christ he feared and so he immediately said, “I am not!” This then is Peters second denial. 

Vs. 26-27 26 One of the servants of the high priest, a relative of him whose ear Peter cut off, said, “Did I not see you in the garden with Him?” 27 Peter then denied again; and immediately a rooster crowed. 

 However, Peter’s denial was short lived, for One of the servants of the high priest, who was a relative of the man whose ear Peter had cut off in garden, now says to him, “Did I not see you in the garden with Him?” Peter then now greatly fearing will once again deny knowing Jesus, and when he did immediately a rooster crowed thus fulfilling Jesus’ own Words.  

Scripture Quotations

New King James (1982):Thomas Nelson. 

John 18:12–24

 12 Then the detachment of troops and the captain and the officers of the Jews arrested Jesus and bound Him. 13 And they led Him away to Annas first, for he was the father-in-law of Caiaphas who was high priest that year. 14 Now it was Caiaphas who advised the Jews that it was expedient that one man should die for the people. 15 And Simon Peter followed Jesus, and so did another disciple. Now that disciple was known to the high priest, and went with Jesus into the courtyard of the high priest. 16 But Peter stood at the door outside. Then the other disciple, who was known to the high priest, went out and spoke to her who kept the door, and brought Peter in. 17 Then the servant girl who kept the door said to Peter, “You are not also one of this Man’s disciples, are you?” He said, “I am not.” 18 Now the servants and officers who had made a fire of coals stood there, for it was cold, and they warmed themselves. And Peter stood with them and warmed himself. 19 The high priest then asked Jesus about His disciples and His doctrine. 20 Jesus answered him, “I spoke openly to the world. I always taught in synagogues and in the temple, where the Jews always meet, and in secret I have said nothing. 21 Why do you ask Me? Ask those who have heard Me what I said to them. Indeed they know what I said.” 22 And when He had said these things, one of the officers who stood by struck Jesus with the palm of his hand, saying, “Do You answer the high priest like that?” 23 Jesus answered him, “If I have spoken evil, bear witness of the evil; but if well, why do you strike Me?” 24 Then Annas sent Him bound to Caiaphas the high priest. 

Commentary 

Vs. 12-13 12 Then the detachment of troops and the captain and the officers of the Jews arrested Jesus and bound Him. 13 And they led Him away to Annas first, for he was the father-in-law of Caiaphas who was high priest that year. 

 By the previous passage we clearly learn that only when Jesus Himself permitted it (vs 1-11) were these wicked men and thugs able to arrest Jesus and bound Him (vs. 12). Having done so they now take Him to Annas the previous high priest who was removed from his position by Herod and Rome. And so, some speculate that he being the father-in-law of Caiaphas, whom they appointed to replace him, who was then the officiating high priest, that he was still exercising authority in that role to the Jews though officially removed from it. Thus, before they would take Him to Caiaphas to be officially examined and tried, they had too take Jesus to Annas who still bore rule (though unofficially) over the Jews (vs 13). 

Vs. 14 Now it was Caiaphas who advised the Jews that it was expedient that one man should die for the people.” 

 Now Caiaphas as the then officiating high priest who was then executing its official duties and services as high priest had prophesied that Jesus would die for the nation (John 11:45-52, vs. 50). And so, it will be Caiaphas the weak and capitulating son-in law of Annas who will be the high priest to sit over the religious trial of Jesus before the Sanhedrin council before officially condemning Him to death. 

Vs. 15-16 15 And Simon Peter followed Jesus, and so did another disciple. Now that disciple was known to the high priest, and went with Jesus into the courtyard of the high priest. 16 But Peter stood at the door outside. Then the other disciple, who was known to the high priest, went out and spoke to her who kept the door, and brought Peter in. 

 When Jesus was arrested and taken to the high priest’s residence both Simon Peter and another disciple (who is commonly believed to have been John the writer of this Gospel) followed them there. Now that unnamed disciple (i.e. John) was known to the high priest and so he himself secured admittance into the courtyard before coming going back and securing Peters own admittance onto the grounds. 

Vs. 17 Then the servant girl who kept the door said to Peter, “You are not also one of this Man’s disciples, are you?” He said, “I am not.” 

 However, when the servant girl who kept watch at the door or entrance way saw Peter, she asked him directly if he was one of Jesus’ disciples, to which Peter replied, “I am not.” Thus, Peter had now begun to unwittingly fulfill Jesus’ own prophetic Word about him, that he would deny Him three times. 

Vs. 18Now the servants and officers who had made a fire of coals stood there, for it was cold, and they warmed themselves. And Peter stood with them and warmed himself.” 

 And so now being admitted onto the grounds, Peter soon finds himself standing with some of the high priests’ servants and officers who were warming themselves by a fire. However, it will not be long before they discern that he does not belong amongst them, just as the world always discerns that when we Christ’s disciples are amongst them that we do not belong with them either. 

Vs. 19 The high priest then asked Jesus about His disciples and His doctrine.” 

 The scene now shifts back to the high priest who is critically questioning Jesus about His disciples and doctrine, while Peter is warming himself with his officers and servants. 

Vs. 20 Jesus answered him, “I spoke openly to the world. I always taught in synagogues and in the temple, where the Jews always meet, and in secret I have said nothing. 

Now Jesus in answering him knows that his questioning Him is not a genuine inquiry to learn from Him or discern what Jesus said and taught, but is only his trying to get Jesus to self-incriminate Himself so that he might be able to condemn Him. Therefore, Jesus tells him to ask all those who heard Him what He said, for as He says, “I spoke openly to the world. I always taught in synagogues and in the temple, where the Jews always meet, and in secret I have said nothing.” 

Vs. 21 Why do you ask Me? Ask those who have heard Me what I said to them. Indeed they know what I said.” 

 Therefore, Jesus knowing that He had been seized on false pretenses now challenges the high priest to present his evidence, for if Jesus had spoken anything deserving of arrest or punishment then they should present their case justly before Him. And that is why Jesus is saying to him to go ask all who heard Him speak, for the people know just what He spoke and none of them ever condemned Him, or thought Him worthy of punishment or death (consider Mark 12:37). 

Vs. 22 And when He had said these things, one of the officers who stood by struck Jesus with the palm of his hand, saying, “Do You answer the high priest like that?” 

 When Jesus basically challenged the high priest to act justly and present some genuine evidence against Him, one of officers who stood by when he heard Jesus speak like that struck Jesus with the palm of his hand saying to Him, “Do You answer the high priest like that?” To which I would say do you treat the Son of God like that! 

Vs. 23 Jesus answered him, “If I have spoken evil, bear witness of the evil; but if well, why do you strike Me?” 

 Jesus’ though instead of retaliating with Words simply says to him, “If I have spoken evil, bear witness of the evil; but if well, why do you strike Me?” 

Vs. 24Then Annas sent Him bound to Caiaphas the high priest.” 

 Annas then having failed to make a case against Jesus now sends Him bound to Caiaphas the official high priest. This is then where Jesus’ official trial by the Jews will now take place.

Scripture Quotations

New King James (1982):Thomas Nelson. 

John 18:1–11

 1 When Jesus had spoken these words, He went out with His disciples over the Brook Kidron, where there was a garden, which He and His disciples entered. 2 And Judas, who betrayed Him, also knew the place; for Jesus often met there with His disciples. 3 Then Judas, having received a detachment of troops, and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, came there with lanterns, torches, and weapons. 4 Jesus therefore, knowing all things that would come upon Him, went forward and said to them, “Whom are you seeking?” 5 They answered Him, “Jesus of Nazareth.” Jesus said to them, “I am He.” And Judas, who betrayed Him, also stood with them. 6 Now when He said to them, “I am He,they drew back and fell to the ground. 7 Then He asked them again, “Whom are you seeking?” And they said, “Jesus of Nazareth.” 8 Jesus answered, “I have told you that I am He. Therefore, if you seek Me, let these go their way,” 9 that the saying might be fulfilled which He spoke, “Of those whom You gave Me I have lost none.” 10 Then Simon Peter, having a sword, drew it and struck the high priest’s servant, and cut off his right ear. The servant’s name was Malchus. 11 So Jesus said to Peter, “Put your sword into the sheath. Shall I not drink the cup which My Father has given Me?” 

Commentary 

Vs. 1When Jesus had spoken these words, He went out with His disciples over the Brook Kidron, where there was a garden, which He and His disciples entered.” 

 The Lord Jesus then having prayed His Priestly Prayer and thus given His Words to His disciples now leads them out over the Book Kidron to the garden of Gethsemane which was located on the Mount of Olives. 

Vs. 2And Judas, who betrayed Him, also knew the place; for Jesus often met there with His disciples.” 

 Now Judas who had already gone out from the disciples to betray Jesus to the Jewish authorities also knew of this place, for Jesus often came to this quaint peaceful little garden to be with His disciples away from the crowds. 

Vs. 3Then Judas, having received a detachment of troops, and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, came there with lanterns, torches, and weapons.” 

 Judas then anticipating Jesus’ going there with the disciples, and having received a detachment of troops and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, came there with lanterns, torches, and weapons. Thus, in a sickening act of demonically inspired and directed betrayal, Judas being backed up by troops and Jewish temple officers now brings them to Jesus to arrest Him. 

Vs. 4 Jesus therefore, knowing all things that would come upon Him, went forward and said to them, “Whom are you seeking?” 

 Now when they arrived there Jesus knowing all the things would now come upon Him (and having already prayed to the Father to strengthen Him) now went forward to them, and I would add went boldly forward to them, and said to them, “Whom are you seeking?” Thus, Jesus is no more “hiding” Himself from them, for His hour has now come! 

Vs. 5 They answered Him, “Jesus of Nazareth.” Jesus said to them, “I am He.” And Judas, who betrayed Him, also stood with them. 

 Now when Jesus asked them who they were seeking and they replied Jesus of Nazareth, it is clear that none of them recognized Him, except one and that was Judas who remains cowardly silent as he is betraying Jesus to them. And so, when they said they were seeking Jesus of Nazareth, Jesus did not delay to respond to them but replied by saying that “I am He”. Now as noted by others, Jesus’ response was that He said to them, I AM, thus employing the Name of God! With the Pronoun He being added for clarity in English. 

Vs. 6 “Now when He said to them, “I am He,they drew back and fell to the ground.” 

 As soon as Jesus said that He was I AM they all drew back and fell to the ground, now this was not a voluntary act on their part, but happened because God must always be acknowledged as God even when He is allowing Himself to be betrayed and arrested by those whom He has created! 

Vs. 7-9 7 Then He asked them again, “Whom are you seeking?” And they said, “Jesus of Nazareth.” 8 Jesus answered, “I have told you that I am He. Therefore, if you seek Me, let these go their way,” 9 that the saying might be fulfilled which He spoke, “Of those whom You gave Me I have lost none.” 

 And so, when the men had regained themselves and their footing Jesus once again asks them who they are seeking, to which they respond once again saying, Jesus of Nazareth (vs. 7). This time though Jesus does not display however briefly His Person and Power, but instead tells them again that He is whom they are seeking, and thus having told them that He is whom they are looking for, Jesus now tells them to let the disciples go their way, so that the saying which He spoke would be fulfilled of which He said, “Of those whom You gave Me I have lost none.” Thus, preserving their persons and lives while He was about to lose His own life. 

Vs. 10Then Simon Peter, having a sword, drew it and struck the high priest’s servant, and cut off his right ear. The servant’s name was Malchus.” 

 Peter then realizing that they were about to seize Jesus, drew his sword and in one ill guided attempt to save his Lord and friend struck the high priests servant and cut off his right ear, now the servants name was Malchus, and Peters cutting of his right ear was not intentionally done, rather it was Peter in the darkness missing his target which would have been to strike Malchus; who must have laid his hands on Jesus; in the head with a lethal sword blow! 

Vs. 11 So Jesus said to Peter, “Put your sword into the sheath. Shall I not drink the cup which My Father has given Me?” 

 Now when Peter did that Jesus rebuked Peter saying to him, “Put your sword into the sheath. Shall I not drink the cup which My Father has given Me?” Jesus then in rebuking Peter recalls to him His prayer in the Garden of Gethsemane where He had already settled in His heart and mind to drink the cup that His Father had placed in His Hand. Now of course, in the other Gospels we read that Jesus also healed Malchus’ ear, but here it was only pertinent to record what Jesus said to Peter after Peter in his haste had struck Malchus in seeking to keep Jesus from being taken by him. 

Scripture Quotations

New King James (1982):Thomas Nelson. 

John 17:20–26

 20 “I do not pray for these alone, but also for those who will believe in Me through their word; 21 that they all may be one, as You, Father, are in Me, and I in You; that they also may be one in Us, that the world may believe that You sent Me. 22 And the glory which You gave Me I have given them, that they may be one just as We are one: 23 I in them, and You in Me; that they may be made perfect in one, and that the world may know that You have sent Me, and have loved them as You have loved Me. 24 “Father, I desire that they also whom You gave Me may be with Me where I am, that they may behold My glory which You have given Me; for You loved Me before the foundation of the world. 25 O righteous Father! The world has not known You, but I have known You; and these have known that You sent Me. 26 And I have declared to them Your name, and will declare it, that the love with which You loved Me may be in them, and I in them.” 

Commentary 

Vs. 20 “I do not pray for these alone, but also for those who will believe in Me through their word” 

 Here the Lord Jesus Christ praying as our High Priest to God the Father now prays for all of us who will believe in Him through His disciples Word that is only found in the Gospels and the N.T. Faith then in the Lord Jesus Christ must then be conformed to His Word found there. 

Vs. 21 that they all may be one, as You, Father, are in Me, and I in You; that they also may be one in Us, that the world may believe that You sent Me.” 

 Jesus continues His prayer for us all who believe and will believe in Him, that we all be one, that is one people, one nation, having one belief because we have one Lord and Savior Jesus Christ who has sealed and sanctified us all by One Holy Spirit (Eph. 4:3-6; 1 Peter 2:9-10). And so Just as the Father is in Jesus Christ and Jesus Christ is in the Father, (thus both are inseparable), Jesus now prays that we all who believe in Him down through ages until His Return likewise be one in Us, that is one in the Holy Union of God (which we now are) and thus that we reflect both the moral and Spiritual Nature of God to one and to all so that the world maybe believe that God sent Jesus Christ to them when we bear witness to Him by rightly representing His Person to them. 

Vs. 22 And the glory which You gave Me I have given them, that they may be one just as We are one” 

 Now some see this as a future glory that we receive when the Lord Jesus Christ returns and sets up His Kingdom here on earth, and thus when we the saints then receive our glorified bodies by which the world will then plainly see both the Lord Jesus Christ and us bearing God’s glory! There is though another sense in which we bear God’s glory and that is here and now by His Holy Spirit which seals and sanctifies us the moment we believe in the Lord Jesus Christ. For every true Christian now bears that glory of the Resurrected Lord Jesus Christ, that is His Person and Life by His Holy Spirit dwelling inside of us, and it is by Him that we are now also united with each other and God the Father and Jesus Christ our Lord and Savior in heaven! 

Vs. 23 I in them, and You in Me; that they may be made perfect in one, and that the world may know that You have sent Me, and have loved them as You have loved Me.” 

 The Lord Jesus Christ then is in us, just as the Father is in Him, so that we may be made perfect in one, that is one body of believers made perfect in one of whom the Lord Jesus Christ is the head! Thus, from praying for our sanctification (John 17:17) to now our perfection (vs. 23), which Jesus Christ has fully accomplished for us (Heb. 10:14), and is now being worked out in us and through us by His Spirit so “….that the world may know that You have sent Me, and have loved them as You have loved Me.” 

Vs. 24 “Father, I desire that they also whom You gave Me may be with Me where I am, that they may behold My glory which You have given Me; for You loved Me before the foundation of the world.” 

 The Lord Jesus in soon returning to the Father in heaven now prays that all of us that the Father has given Him, (i.e. the elect) may be with Him eternally in heaven, so that we may behold His glory which God the Father has given Him; a glory then that no one on earth has fully seen, but all who are with Him in heaven now continually and fully see! For God the Father has loved His Son Jesus Christ before the foundation of the world, so much so that He has given us to Him, and so His desire is that all He has chosen may be with Him and see the glory which He Himself has given to Him! 

Vs. 25-26 25 O righteous Father! The world has not known You, but I have known You; and these have known that You sent Me. 26 And I have declared to them Your name, and will declare it, that the love with which You loved Me may be in them, and I in them.” 

 Jesus now decries to His Righteous Father that the world has not known His Father, though He created them and all things and sustains them and all things, and yet they do not know Him, for if they did, they would believe in His Son. Therefore, Jesus the Son of God truly says that He knows His Father in heaven and that His disciples who believe in Him have known that He sent Him. Therefore, Jesus also says that He has declared His Father’s Name to them, to us all who believe in Him, so that the love which God the Father loves His Son may also be in us, and He in us! Thus, the Lord Jesus Christ in concluding His High Priestly prayer concludes with a prayer that the love of God be in us all who believe in Him! For what is more foundational to being a disciple of Jesus Christ than that! 

Scripture Quotations

New King James (1982):Thomas Nelson. 

John 17:6-19

 6 “I have manifested Your name to the men whom You have given Me out of the world. They were Yours, You gave them to Me, and they have kept Your word. 7 Now they have known that all things which You have given Me are from You. 8 For I have given to them the words which You have given Me; and they have received them, and have known surely that I came forth from You; and they have believed that You sent Me. 9 “I pray for them. I do not pray for the world but for those whom You have given Me, for they are Yours. 10 And all Mine are Yours, and Yours are Mine, and I am glorified in them. 11 Now I am no longer in the world, but these are in the world, and I come to You. Holy Father, keep through Your name those whom You have given Me, that they may be one as We are. 12 While I was with them in the world, I kept them in Your name. Those whom You gave Me I have kept; and none of them is lost except the son of perdition, that the Scripture might be fulfilled. 13 But now I come to You, and these things I speak in the world, that they may have My joy fulfilled in themselves. 14 I have given them Your word; and the world has hated them because they are not of the world, just as I am not of the world. 15 I do not pray that You should take them out of the world, but that You should keep them from the evil one. 16 They are not of the world, just as I am not of the world. 17 Sanctify them by Your truth. Your word is truth. 18 As You sent Me into the world, I also have sent them into the world. 19 And for their sakes I sanctify Myself, that they also may be sanctified by the truth.

Commentary 

Vs. 6 “I have manifested Your name to the men whom You have given Me out of the world. They were Yours, You gave them to Me, and they have kept Your word.” 

 Now the Lord Jesus Christ manifested God the Fathers Name (Yahweh, YHWH) to the disciples by the things He said and did. For no one else has ever done or said the things that Jesus has done and said to manifest God the Father here on earth to mortal man. And so it was to these twelve chosen men that God the Father took out of the world and gave to His Son to be His disciples that Jesus did and said these things. For they were the Fathers and He gave them to His Son, and so here Jesus says they have kept His Word, the Fathers Word, by believing in His Son whom He sent to them! 

Vs. 7 Now they have known that all things which You have given Me are from You.” 

 Having seen God the Father’s Name manifested through the Lord Jesus Christ, the believing disciples now have known that all the things which the Father has given His Son are from God the Father in heaven. Thus, Jesus’ Person, Position and Title as Son Servant Savior Lord King Messiah High Priest etc. are all from God the Father! 

Vs. 8 For I have given to them the words which You have given Me; and they have received them, and have known surely that I came forth from You; and they have believed that You sent Me.” 

 Here the Lord Jesus Christ declares that He has given to the disciples the Words which God the Father gave to Him, and they received His Words! Which itself is the mark of any true disciples our willingness and desire to receive and keep the Lord Jesus Christ’s Words! Now Jesus says that having received God’s Words from Him they have surely known that Jesus Christ came forth from God, and so they have believed that God the Father sent Jesus Christ to them! 

Vs. 9-10 9 “I pray for them. I do not pray for the world but for those whom You have given Me, for they are Yours. 10 And all Mine are Yours, and Yours are Mine, and I am glorified in them.” 

 The Jesus Christ now declares not only the depth of His love for His disciples but also the Fathers. For as the Father gave us to Him, so our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ prays just for us, not for the world, that is the blinded and unbelieving world, but for all of us whom God the Father has given Him! And so just as we are God the Fathers, beginning with Him, so we are the Lord Jesus Christ’s being given to Him by Him. Therefore, when Jesus says, And all Mine are Yours, and Yours are Mine, and I am glorified in them.” He is revealing His own equality with the Father, as well by saying that He is glorified in us, He is being glorified by the Body of Christ being here on earth, and so He keeps His Presence by His Spirit dwelling inside of us here on earth! And so, we not only belong to God the Father and Son, but we are partakers of the Divine Nature by which Jesus Christ is being glorified through us all, both individually and collectively as the Body of Christ here on earth! 

Vs. 11 Now I am no longer in the world, but these are in the world, and I come to You. Holy Father, keep through Your name those whom You have given Me, that they may be one as We are.” 

 Again, because Jesus is going out of the world He now prays to the Holy Father (a Name and Title which belongs to God in heaven alone, Matt 23:9) to keep us all through His Name whom God the Father has given to Him. Now the Lord Jesus’ statement: that they may be one as We are.” Entails a Spiritual and moral unity. Spiritual in that the Holy Spirit and the Holy Words of God given us through the Lord Jesus Christ are what unites us all as members of the Body of Christ. For it is by the Holy Spirit and keeping the Words of Christ that we keep the unity of Christ. Our moral unity then is born out of those Words and truths, which itself is the unchanging Moral Character of God (i.e. God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit) and thus is to be manifested and upheld and kept by us all who believe in Him. For this is the key battleground, and Jesus knowing that there would be those who would depart from Him, and thus would seek to introduce and propagate all kinds of moral and even spiritual degeneracy, amongst those who are sanctified and seeking to live sanctified lives. Now when they do they not only break themselves off from the Holy unity of God, but they also drag down with themselves all those who believe and obey them! Therefore, it is incumbent upon us all to come out and be separate from them as the Scripture says (2 Cor. 6:14-7:1; Rev. 18:1-4). 

Vs. 12 While I was with them in the world, I kept them in Your name. Those whom You gave Me I have kept; and none of them is lost except the son of perdition, that the Scripture might be fulfilled.” 

 When Jesus was living amongst the disciples He kept them in the Father’s Name, that is He kept them secure by His Authority and Power over Satan who took none of them, except one the son of perdition, Judas Iscariot who willingly betrayed the Lord Jesus Christ for some worthless silver and thus fulfilled the prophetic Word of God. Thus, he alone is lost of all the disciples that began with the Lord Jesus Christ, and so he is now lost forever in fulfillment of the Scripture because he gave the devil a place in his own heart and thus a foothold in his own life by his own evil greed. 

Vs. 13 But now I come to You, and these things I speak in the world, that they may have My joy fulfilled in themselves.” 

 The Lord Jesus now explains why He was praying openly like this in the presence of His disciples, so that they (i.e. we) may have His joy fulfilled in ourselves! I mean when you read Jesus Words, these very Words saved for us, your heart cannot but be filled with joy knowing that this how Jesus prays for us all continually, to be kept by His Father and to be kept by Him sanctified in the Oneness of their Holy Unity. 

Vs. 14I have given them Your word; and the world has hated them because they are not of the world, just as I am not of the world.” 

 Jesus now declares again that He has given us God the Father’s Word, not His own, not someone else’s but God the Fathers Word to keep. Therefore no one should ever entertain any thoughts that the Words of the Lord Jesus Christ are any less incumbent than the God the Father’s, for they are One! Now Jesus also says in giving us God the Fathers Word, the world has hated us, because we are not of this world, just as He is not of this world, and so they hate us, just as they hated Him! 

Vs. 15 I do not pray that You should take them out of the world, but that You should keep them from the evil one.” 

 The Lord Jesus Christ now prays not that God the Father should take us out of the world; for how then could we be His lights in the world; rather that He would keep us from the evil one, that is Satan, the devil, the ruler of this world, who holds sway over those of this world, who propagates all lies to deceive and destroy what God seeks to make good, who frankly uses those of this world to do and pursue his evil will. Therefore, Jesus prays that the Father keep us from him, from being brought under his influence and control, (as the world is), and thus unwittingly becoming servants of his evil agenda and will. 

Vs. 16 “They are not of the world, just as I am not of the world.” 

 Jesus once again reiterates that we are not of this world just as He is not of this world. Therefore, we need not be discouraged or fret when the world hates and rejects us, for so they hate and reject our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Therefore, because we are not of the world, we must never align ourselves with the world, for loyalty is to the Lord Jesus Christ and His Word not the world! 

Vs. 17 “Sanctify them by Your truth. Your word is truth.” 

 Jesus’ prayer here is that we be sanctified by God’s truth, which alone is found in God’s Word, for it is foundational to our being sanctified and living sanctified lives! We look only then to Word of God as our guide into all truth that sanctifies us! 

Vs. 18 “As You sent Me into the world, I also have sent them into the world.” 

 As the Father sent Jesus into the world so He now sends us, not to be conformed to this world (Rom. 12:2), but to be His lights and witnesses to it, thus to bear the Gospel of God’s grace and love to everyone who will hear us. Christians then who are willingly isolated from the world are not then following Jesus Christ who suffered outside the gates of Jerusalem (Heb. 12:12-13). 

Vs. 19 And for their sakes I sanctify Myself, that they also may be sanctified by the truth.” 

 Jesus then by sanctifying Himself, that is setting Himself apart from the world to do God the Father’s Will, and thus suffer Crucifixion death for us all, did so, so that we who believe in Him might be sanctified by the truth, that is made holy by His Person and Word. 

Scripture Quotations

New King James (1982):Thomas Nelson. 

John 17:1–5

  Jesus spoke these words, lifted up His eyes to heaven, and said: “Father, the hour has come. Glorify Your Son, that Your Son also may glorify You, 2 as You have given Him authority over all flesh, that He should give eternal life to as many as You have given Him. 3 And this is eternal life, that they may know You, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom You have sent. 4 I have glorified You on the earth. I have finished the work which You have given Me to do. 5 And now, O Father, glorify Me together with Yourself, with the glory which I had with You before the world was. 

Commentary 

Vs. 1 Jesus spoke these words, lifted up His eyes to heaven, and said: “Father, the hour has come. Glorify Your Son, that Your Son also may glorify You,” 

 Here Jesus begins His most intimate prayer to the Father that we have revealed to us. In it Jesus begins by saying that the hour has come, that is the hour of His arrest, trial, and later Crucifixion death at the hands of the unbelieving world when He would purchase by His own suffering death on the Cross our salvation for us. Therefore, Jesus having just foretold of His own humiliation and death now also prays to the Father that He, “Glorify Your Son, that Your Son also may glorify You.” For the Lord Jesus Christ would not be glorified at His Crucifixion Death, but rather He is now forever glorified because God the Father raised Him from the dead and presented Him alive to His chosen witnesses! And thus, being presented alive Jesus Christ now Ascended back to the Father in heaven glorifies the Father eternally because through Him the Fathers perfect plan of redemption and judgment was completely fulfilled and accomplished through Him alone! 

Vs. 2 “as You have given Him authority over all flesh, that He should give eternal life to as many as You have given Him.” 

 Here is the second way that Jesus Christ glorifies the Father, that is in that having been given authority over all flesh by the Father, Jesus Christ now gives eternal life to as many as God the Father has given to Him! And so here the election of God is also clearly stated by the Lord Jesus Christ Himself! For it is in giving eternal life to as many as God the Father has given Him that He also glorifies the Father! 

Vs. 3And this is eternal life, that they may know You, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom You have sent.” 

 Here the Lord Jesus Christ answers just what eternal life is, what it entails, and that is to know the only true God and Jesus Christ whom He sent! Therefore, you cannot no One unless you know both the Father and the Son. And that is why Jesus came to reveal and bring the Father and Himself to us all! 

Vs. 4 I have glorified You on the earth. I have finished the work which You have given Me to do.” 

 The Lord Jesus Christ now declares that He has glorified God the Father here on earth, and this He did by His Perfect Life and Obedience to the Will of the Father; therefore no one can justly find fault with either Him or His Father! And so here Jesus Christ foreseeing His own obedience even unto death on the Cross can now say that He has finished the work that His Father gave Him to do. From first being born a babe and submitting to Joseph and Mary’s as His earthly parents’, to later being baptized by John the Baptist, to then enduring His terrible trial and temptation in wilderness by Satan, to finding and calling and now saving all the disciples that the Father has given to Him to keep forever, to preaching, teaching and obeying His Word and thus following and doing the Will of God in everything and in every way that the Father asked Him to do, Jesus Christ has finished the Work that God sent Him to do, therefore it is incumbent upon everyone of us to believe and receive and trust in the work that He alone has done to save us! 

Vs. 5 And now, O Father, glorify Me together with Yourself, with the glory which I had with You before the world was.” 

 And so here Jesus having fulfilled the Will of God here on earth is asking His Father to glorify Him with the Father Himself, thus to receive Him back in heaven and restore to Him His glory He Himself had with the Father before the world was!  

Scripture Quotations

New King James (1982):Thomas Nelson. 

John 16:16–33

 16 “A little while, and you will not see Me; and again a little while, and you will see Me, because I go to the Father.” 17 Then some of His disciples said among themselves, “What is this that He says to us, ‘A little while, and you will not see Me; and again a little while, and you will see Me’; and, ‘because I go to the Father’?” 18 They said therefore, “What is this that He says, ‘A little while’? We do not know what He is saying.” 19 Now Jesus knew that they desired to ask Him, and He said to them, “Are you inquiring among yourselves about what I said, ‘A little while, and you will not see Me; and again a little while, and you will see Me’? 20 Most assuredly, I say to you that you will weep and lament, but the world will rejoice; and you will be sorrowful, but your sorrow will be turned into joy. 21 A woman, when she is in labor, has sorrow because her hour has come; but as soon as she has given birth to the child, she no longer remembers the anguish, for joy that a human being has been born into the world. 22 Therefore you now have sorrow; but I will see you again and your heart will rejoice, and your joy no one will take from you. 23 “And in that day you will ask Me nothing. Most assuredly, I say to you, whatever you ask the Father in My name He will give you. 24 Until now you have asked nothing in My name. Ask, and you will receive, that your joy may be full. 25 “These things I have spoken to you in figurative language; but the time is coming when I will no longer speak to you in figurative language, but I will tell you plainly about the Father. 26 In that day you will ask in My name, and I do not say to you that I shall pray the Father for you; 27 for the Father Himself loves you, because you have loved Me, and have believed that I came forth from God. 28 I came forth from the Father and have come into the world. Again, I leave the world and go to the Father.” 29 His disciples said to Him, “See, now You are speaking plainly, and using no figure of speech! 30 Now we are sure that You know all things, and have no need that anyone should question You. By this we believe that You came forth from God.” 31 Jesus answered them, “Do you now believe? 32 Indeed the hour is coming, yes, has now come, that you will be scattered, each to his own, and will leave Me alone. And yet I am not alone, because the Father is with Me. 33 These things I have spoken to you, that in Me you may have peace. In the world you will have tribulation; but be of good cheer, I have overcome the world.”

 Commentary 

Vs. 16 “A little while, and you will not see Me; and again a little while, and you will see Me, because I go to the Father.” 

 Having declared to the disciples the Holy Spirits coming and Ministry, the Lord Jesus Christ once again reiterates His own soon departure from them. First with His death and burial, then after His Resurrection, His Ascension back to the Father. And so, there was going to be an interlude that is taking place between the Lord Jesus’ departure and their/our seeing Him again. For the disciples then both their and our seeing the Lord Jesus Christ again will be when we meet Him forever in heaven! 

Vs. 17-18 17 Then some of His disciples said among themselves, “What is this that He says to us, ‘A little while, and you will not see Me; and again a little while, and you will see Me’; and, ‘because I go to the Father’?” 18 They said therefore, “What is this that He says, ‘A little while’? We do not know what He is saying.” 

 The disciples though did not yet understand these things, that Jesus must depart from them for them to meet Him in heaven! For as He already told them He must go and prepare a place for them and us all! And so, Jesus use of the phrase “a little while” ultimately pictures the brief time that we are away from Him while we are sojourners here on earth! 

Vs. 19 Now Jesus knew that they desired to ask Him, and He said to them, “Are you inquiring among yourselves about what I said, ‘A little while, and you will not see Me; and again a little while, and you will see Me’? 

 Now when Jesus knew the disciples were confused by this saying, He gave them an analogy to encourage and keep them for what was to come (vs. 20-22). 

Vs. 20 “Most assuredly, I say to you that you will weep and lament, but the world will rejoice; and you will be sorrowful, but your sorrow will be turned into joy.” 

 And so here Jesus foretells of the disciples own sorrow when they would see Him Crucified, which itself is hard enough to bear, and yet having to bear one’s own grief and sorrow while having to observe the world rejoice at the cause of your sorrow is very difficult to bear in that moment. Nonetheless though the disciples would be sorrowful at the Lord’s Crucifixion and death and the world would then rejoice, nonetheless as the Lord Jesus Christ says the disciples sorrow would only be temporary, (just as ours is only temporary being confined to this life), for Jesus would again turn their sorrow to joy when they saw Him Resurrected and Later Ascended and finally for us all when we see Him victoriously Reigning in heaven and we are united with Him and our redeemed and saved loved ones! 

Vs. 21-22 21 A woman, when she is in labor, has sorrow because her hour has come; but as soon as she has given birth to the child, she no longer remembers the anguish, for joy that a human being has been born into the world. 22 Therefore you now have sorrow; but I will see you again and your heart will rejoice, and your joy no one will take from you. 

 Therefore, to make them understand Jesus now uses the analogy of a woman in labor who when going through the birthing process has sorrow because her hour (i.e. labor pains) have come. Nonetheless as Jesus notes, as soon as she gives birth to the child, she no longer remembers the anguish that she went through for the joy that a human being has been brought into the world (vs. 22). Therefore, Jesus speaking to the disciples and be default us all now says that we too now have sorrow in this life, nonetheless we will see Him again and our hearts will greatly rejoice when we do, and from that point on no will ever again take our joy away from us! 

Vs. 23-24 23 “And in that day you will ask Me nothing. Most assuredly, I say to you, whatever you ask the Father in My name He will give you. 24 Until now you have asked nothing in My name. Ask, and you will receive, that your joy may be full. 

 Such then will be our joy that on the Day that we go home and meet Jesus Christ our Lord and Savior that we will ask Him nothing! For all that once was will no longer matter or come to mind! Having then foretold us of that great day to look forward too, and so Jesus returning the disciples focus to the here and now once again reiterates His Promise that whatever we ask the Father in His Name He will give us (vs. 23). For as Jesus says in verse 24, up until then the disciples had asked nothing in His Name, for Jesus was still with them, and so they had not yet even prayed in His Name. However, when Jesus departed from them, they were then to ask (i.e. pray) in His Name as we all now do today. Therefore, Jesus Promises them and us all that we are to ask in His Name and we shall receive that our joy maybe full. Obviously our asking here then is our asking Him for things needed to do His Work that we are to do here on earth, thus we are to ask Jesus in faith for what we need, to open doors and create opportunities, or to give us the resources that we need to accomplish whatever He as set out for us to do etc. Though again He has not limited His Promise so neither should I. Therefore, when our prayers are answered and we see Him working in and through our lives and efforts our joy will become full as He is glorified through us and what we do! 

Vs. 25 “These things I have spoken to you in figurative language; but the time is coming when I will no longer speak to you in figurative language, but I will tell you plainly about the Father.” 

 During His earthly Ministry the Lord Jesus often taught the disciples by way of parables and other metaphoric devices. However here Jesus now Promises that He will no longer use figurative language but will speak with them plainly about the Father. Now that Day is often taken to be indicating the era after the outpouring of the Holy Spirit when the disciples, (and now all who believe in Him), are endowed with the Holy Spirit who teaches us all things. However, we must not overlook that after Jesus’ Resurrection he taught the disciples (i.e. opened up the Scriptures to them), before Ascending back to the Father in heaven, and so on that Day in this sense is not when they (we) meet Him in heaven, but rather when they met Him after His Resurrection! And so with the Holy Spirit’s outpouring upon them and upon us all who believe in Him His Ministry of His Word continues on now to us all in every generation! 

Vs. 26-27 26 In that day you will ask in My name, and I do not say to you that I shall pray the Father for you; 27 for the Father Himself loves you, because you have loved Me, and have believed that I came forth from God. 

 In that day, i.e., when they are sealed and sanctified by the Holy Spirit they will pray directly to the Father. For such is the privilege of us all who believe in the Lord Jesus Christ (who are likewise sealed and sanctified by the Holy Spirit) to have direct access to God the Father because of Christ’s His Finished work for us. Therefore, our prayers do not need to be first sent to the Lord Jesus Christ (or anyone else) and then onto the Father. For as Jesus says here, “for the Father Himself loves you, because you have loved Me, and have believed that I came forth from God.” Thus, as children of God through faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, we all have direct access to God the Father in heaven! 

Vs. 28 “I came forth from the Father and have come into the world. Again, I leave the world and go to the Father.” 

 The Lord Jesus Christ in the plainest of language now tells the disciples that just as He came forth from God the Father into the world, (as the Son of God/Son of Man) so He is going to leave the world and return to God the Father, (as the Son of God/Son of Man). Having then lost nothing but gained everything for us the Lord Jesus Christ now tells the disciples that He will soon be departing from this world back to God the Father in heaven. 

Vs. 29-30 29 His disciples said to Him, “See, now You are speaking plainly, and using no figure of speech! 30 Now we are sure that You know all things, and have no need that anyone should question You. By this we believe that You came forth from God.” 

 With the Lord Jesus’ use of plain language, the disciple’s faith seemingly grows “expedientially”, or so they think! However, Jesus’ use of plain language here should not have been what moved them to such an exuberant declaration, rather a complete understand of His Person, Work and Speech which they would not have until His Spirit was poured out on them. Thus, their declaration here was then only shallow (for they had not yet been tempered by the trails that were to come upon Him and them) and so the Lord Jesus Christ saw right past their declaration and onto what was to come. 

Vs. 31-32 31 Jesus answered them, “Do you now believe? 32 Indeed the hour is coming, yes, has now come, that you will be scattered, each to his own, and will leave Me alone. And yet I am not alone, because the Father is with Me. 

 Jesus then is unmoved by the disciple’s declaration of faith. For He knows what is coming and how it going to initially affect them all. Therefore, He first calls them to account, by saying, “Do you now believe? 32 Indeed the hour is coming, yes, has now come, that you will be scattered, each to his own, and will leave Me alone. And yet I am not alone, because the Father is with Me. Therefore Jesus in pulling no punches now foretells of the disciples own scattering when He would be arrested, and yet as He says their departure from Him would not leave Him alone, for the Father is always with Him (and now with us all who believe in Him regardless of who stays with us or goes away from us during our own trials as well). And so the depth of our own faith is never truly known to us until we must face our own trials and tribulations, and yet as we will see it is through these that our faith is forged, for having passed through the fire, and then been quenched in healing mercies of our God and Savior we are being transformed into a much more resilient and all around better disciples. 

Vs. 33 “These things I have spoken to you, that in Me you may have peace. In the world you will have tribulation; but be of good cheer, I have overcome the world.” 

 The Lord Jesus then in speaking all of these things wants only that we remain with Him, for in Him we have peace, peace when we seek Him and peace when we abide in Him, resting then in the shade of His lovingkindness and mercies, we sit down by the still waters, and need not be overwhelmed by the world and the tribulations that come to us from it. For as Jesus says here, He has overcome the world! The world then can never overcome us! Our souls and our destines our secure in our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ! Therefore, brethren be of good cheer, Jesus Christ has overcome the world!  

Scripture Quotations

New King James (1982):Thomas Nelson.